Titanium
Definition and meaning of Titanium in chemistry.
![Titanium element card: symbol Ti, atomic number 22, atomic mass 47.867, electron configuration [Ar] 3d² 4s², oxidation states +4, Transition metal, group 4, period 4, solid at room temperature.](/assets/images/terms/titanium-chemical-element.webp)
Titanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and the atomic number 22. It is a shiny transition metal known for its distinct silver color and low density. It features very high strength and resists corrosion in harsh environments like seawater and chlorine.
In more detail
Titanium sits in group 4 of the periodic table and possesses an excellent strength-to-weight ratio. This means the metal is incredibly strong while remaining surprisingly light in weight. As a reactive metal, titanium quickly forms a protective oxide coating (TiO2) in normal air.
This microscopic layer stops the inner metal from rusting and provides exceptional corrosion resistance. In nature, titanium mainly exists in common minerals like rutile and ilmenite. Miners easily find these abundant minerals distributed throughout the Earth's rocky crust.
The metal shows dimorphism, meaning it can exist in two different crystal shapes. At room temperature, the metal maintains a stable hexagonal alpha crystal form. Above 882 degrees Celsius, it changes its internal structure into a cubic beta form.
Chemically, titanium usually shows an oxidation state of +4 in its most stable compounds. Titanium is totally biocompatible, meaning the human immune system does not reject it. This non-toxic nature makes the metal perfectly suited for sensitive biological and medical environments.
Manufacturers often mix pure titanium with elements like aluminum and vanadium to create alloys. These unique alloys offer enhanced mechanical properties for the most demanding structural applications.
Key facts
| Field | General Chemistry |
|---|---|
| Symbol | Ti |
| Atomic number | 22 |
| Atomic mass | 47.867 u |
| Category | Transition-Metal |
| State at room temperature | Solid |
| Year discovered | 1791 |
Titanium is extremely popular in the aerospace industry for building airplane and spacecraft components. Engineers rely on it to build durable aircraft frames and jet engine parts. The metal easily withstands extreme engine temperatures while keeping the aircraft relatively light. This unique combination of properties helps modern airplanes carry heavy loads and save fuel.
Frequently asked questions
Why is titanium used in medical implants?
Titanium is highly biocompatible, meaning the human body does not reject it. It also allows natural bone to grow directly into the metal implant.
How is titanium extracted from its ores?
Workers typically extract titanium using the industrial Kroll process. They treat the ore with chlorine gas to make titanium tetrachloride, then reduce it with magnesium.
Related terms
Sources & references
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