Matter
Definition and meaning of Matter in chemistry.
Matter is anything that possesses physical mass and takes up space by occupying a measurable volume. It forms the physical substance of the entire observable universe. Matter exists most commonly in four distinct physical states as a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma.
In more detail
Matter is fundamentally composed of tiny microscopic particles known as atoms. These discrete atoms can chemically bond together to form molecules and complex macromolecular structures. Protons, neutrons, and electrons make up the internal structure of these atoms.
The specific arrangement of these subatomic particles gives matter its unique chemical identity. In the field of chemistry, scientists study the exact elemental composition of matter. They observe macroscopic physical properties like density, boiling point, and color.
Chemists also analyze the energetic changes that matter undergoes during various chemical reactions. Changes in external temperature or pressure can alter the physical state of matter. Heating a solid substance adds kinetic energy to its constituent particles.
The particles vibrate much faster and eventually break their rigid intermolecular bonds. This process turns the solid material into a flowing liquid phase. Further heating adds more energy to turn the liquid into a dispersed gas.
Chemical reactions rearrange how these constituent atoms connect to each other. They do not destroy the actual matter itself during the process. This fundamental concept is known as the law of conservation of mass. It means the total starting mass remains completely constant during an ordinary reaction.
Key facts
| Field | General Chemistry |
|---|---|
| Fundamental Units | Atoms and molecules |
| Common States | Solid, liquid, gas, plasma |
| Subatomic Particles | Protons, neutrons, electrons |
| Conservation Law | Mass is neither created nor destroyed |
Liquid water (H2O) inside a glass is considered matter because it has a measurable mass and occupies a specific volume. You can weigh the mass of the water accurately on a laboratory scale. You can also measure its exact volume with a glass graduated cylinder. If you freeze the liquid water into solid ice, it remains classified as matter. If you boil the liquid into water vapor, the invisible gaseous steam is also matter.
Frequently asked questions
Is light considered a form of matter?
No. Light consists of photons which have zero rest mass and do not occupy physical volume. Light is classified as energy rather than matter.
Can matter be created or destroyed?
According to the law of conservation of mass, matter cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary chemical or physical reactions.
Is empty space considered matter?
No. True empty space or a vacuum contains no atoms or molecules. It has no mass and therefore is not classified as matter.